843,000 working days were lost because of labour disputes in December, the highest since November 2011.
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The wave of UK strike action at the end of last year was the most disruptive in over a decade, the latest employment data shows.
For regular pay, this is the strongest growth rate seen outside of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic period.
This is smaller than the record fall in real total pay we saw in February to April 2009 (4.5%), but remains among the largest falls in growth since comparable records began in 2001.