Just as it does on Earth, it snows on Mars. However, scientists have found that Martian snow is ‘dustier’ than it is on Earth, which could mean it’s warmer and more likely to melt into water, a new study suggests.
Using data from NASA‘s Phoenix Mars Lander, the Reconnaissance Orbiter, along with computer simulations, researchers were able figure out that Martian snow is darker than it is on Earth due to the high levels of dust on the planet.
As such, it’s also more likely to melt and turn into water, given the right conditions.
Scientists have found Martian snow is ‘dustier’ (blue) than Earth snow, which could mean it’s warmer and more likely to melt into water
‘There is a chance that this dusty and dark ice might melt a few centimeters down,’ said the study’s lead author, Aditya Khuller, in a statement.
‘And any subsurface liquid water produced from melting will be protected from evaporating in Mars’ wispy atmosphere by the overlying blanket of ice.’
Given that Earth’s oceans are ‘teeming with life,’ according to NASA, the presence of liquid water on any body in the solar system suggests it may have once been home to life or may yet still be.
In June, a separate study suggested that there may be more water on the Red Planet than previously thought, including ‘dozens’ of lakes less than a mile beneath the surface of the Red Planet.
Experts used past data to determine Martian snow is darker than Earth’s and more likely to melt, given the right conditions
The scientists believe that the ice that was dug up by the Phoenix lander in 2008 (and subsequent falling snow) occurred from a snowfall sometime over the past million years.
‘It is widely believed that Mars has experienced multiple ice ages throughout its history, and it looks like the ice being exposed throughout the mid-latitudes of Mars is a remnant of this ancient dusty snowfall,’ Khuller added.
If researchers are able to better learn about the prospects of water on Mars, then they may be able to better learn about its prospects for once hosting life.
‘Characterizing these properties can significantly improve models of ice stability on Mars and inform us about its age and origin,’ the researchers wrote in the study.
Last month, NASA’s Perseverance rover started its science missions, looking for signs of ancient, fossilized signs of life.
They believe the ice dug up by the Phoenix lander in 2008 may have occurred from a snowfall sometime over the past million years
The researchers say that more work is required to determine if the ice actually melts into water.
‘We are working on developing improved computer simulations of Martian ice to study how it evolves over time, and whether it might melt to form liquid water,’ Khuller added.
‘The results from this study will be integral to our work because knowing how dark the ice is directly influences how warm it gets.’
If researchers can learn more about water on Mars, it could help them learn about its ability to host life
The research was published earlier this month in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets.
Although scientists confirmed in 2018 that Mars still has lakes filled with liquid water, it has been somewhat elusive to find.
In February, scientists discovered water vapors rising from Mars after the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter made the discovery by measuring light as vapor passing through the atmosphere.
In April, a separate study suggested that microbes may be living underneath the Martian surface, thriving on chemical energy from nearby groundwater.
Scientists believe Mars holds large volumes of water but much of it is stored in ice or in brine patches
How important is the presence of liquid water?
It is now widely believed that Mars holds a reasonably large volume of water.
However, the surface of the planet is so cold, this water exists only as ice.
In order for life to exist on a planet, many scientists believe it is essential for the world to possess liquid water.
Ever since technology has enabled mankind to gaze at Mars in detail, humans have been looking for indications that there was water on the red planet.
Did water used to flow on the surface of Mars?
The Mariner 9 mission revealed clues of water erosion in river beds and canyons, as well as evidence of weather fronts and fogs on Mars in 1971.
Later missions from the Viking orbiters, which first launched in 1975, revealed yet more details about how water flowed on the surface and carved valleys.
Several studies investigated the presence of liquid water for decades. In 2000, the first proof of liquid water on Mars was discovered.
It was claimed the gullies seen on the surface of the planet had to have been formed by flowing water.
Scientists cited the debris and mud deposits left behind as evidence for moving water existing at some point in the history of the red planet.
However, the formation of these gullies has been hotly debated throughout the ensuing years.
Proof of ice in geological samples from Mars
Spirit and Opportunity, the twin rovers, found evidence of the presence of water enclosed in rock in 2007, when one of Spirit’s wheels broke and gorged a piece of stone.
Analysis of the silica-rich layer discovered in the scratch suggested it formed in the presence of liquid water.
In 2008, the Phoenix lander was gathering geological samples, and they disappeared after a few days.
Scientists thought these were pieces of ice. This assessment was confirmed when the lander later detected water vapour in a sample.
In 2012, Curiosity was meandering over an ancient martian seabed when it examined a number of rocks that were exposed to liquid water billions of years ago.
In 2012, Curiosity (pictured) was meandering over an ancient martian seabed when it examined a number of rocks that were exposed to liquid water billions of years ago
Recurring slope lineae and debate causes it
Features known as recurring slope lineae (RSL) were first identified in 2011.
These dark streaks populate the areas of Mars with a sharp incline.
Researchers speculated that these may have been caused by the intermittent flow of liquid water down steep banks on the planet.
In June 2013, Curiosity found powerful evidence that water good enough to drink once flowed on Mars. In September of the same year, the first scoop of soil analysed by Curiosity revealed that fine materials on the surface of the planet contain two per cent water by weight.
In 2015, Nasa claimed to have discovered the first evidence of liquid water on Mars in the present day.
The space agency said that its Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provided the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars.
In 2017, Nasa issued another statement rebuking its initial findings.
Features known as recurring slope lineae (RSL) were first identified in 2011 (pictured). These dark streaks populate the areas of Mars with a sharp incline. Researchers speculated that these may have been caused by the intermittent flow of liquid water
It said the dark features that run down steep inclines on the red planet were actually granular flows, where grains of sand and dust slip downhill to make dark streaks, rather than the ground being darkened by seeping water.
Images from the MRO revealed the streaks only exist on slopes steep enough for dry grains to descend the way they do on faces of active dunes.
Also in 2017, scientists provided the best estimates for water on Mars, claiming it once had more liquid H2O than the Arctic Ocean – and the planet kept these oceans for more than 1.5 billion years.
The findings suggest there was ample time and water for life on Mars to thrive, but over the last 3.7 billion years the red planet has lost 87 per cent of its water – leaving the surface barren and dry.
A subterranean lake
In a study published in the journal Science, ESO researchers have now discovered the first concrete evidence for liquid water on Mars.
Using radar imagery from the Mars Express probe, the ESO team have found a 12-mile long underground lake filled with liquid water.
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