The Northern Lights are one of the most spectacular sights on Earth, but astronomers are just as interested in the science behind them.
Now NASA has revealed plans to fly two rockets right through them, to study how our planet exchanges energy with space around it.
The Northern Lights, also known as aurora borealis, occur on the boundary between the neutral atmosphere that cocoons our planet and the electrically-reactive matter known as plasma that makes up space.
Occasionally, when electrically-charged particles from space pour into our atmosphere, they collide with the neutral particles and set them alight, resulting in the beautiful dancing waves of light we see in the sky.
However, the aurora also stir up the broader boundary layer, and it is the impact on this layer that NASA hopes to study on its upcoming INCAA (Ion-Neutral Coupling during Active Aurora) mission.
A conceptual animation showing electrons travelling down Earth’s magnetic field lines, colliding into particles in in Earth’s atmosphere to trigger the aurora
‘As residents of the troposphere, Earth’s lowest atmospheric layer, we’re used to air made of neutral particles. The oxygen and nitrogen we breathe are magnetically balanced atoms and molecules with all their electrons accounted for,’ NASA explains.
‘But hundreds of miles above us, our air begins to fundamentally change character. Energised by the Sun’s unfiltered rays, electrons are pried from their atoms, which then take on a positive charge.
‘A once-neutral gas transforms into an electrically reactive state of matter known as plasma.’
There is no hard cutoff where neutral gas ends and plasma begins; instead, there is an extended boundary layer where the two types of particles mix.
Daily winds and magnetic disturbances send the particles flying in different directions, occasionally causing them to collide and release energy.
‘Friction is a great analogy,’ said Stephen Kaeppler, assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Clemson University in South Carolina, and principal investigator for the INCAA mission.
‘We all know that we rub our hands together, you’re going to get heat. It’s the same basic idea, except we’re dealing with gases now instead.’
When aurora are added into the mix, the amount of friction kicks up a notch, according to Kaeppler.
‘It’s like storming the football field after a college game,’ he said.
‘People at the top of the stadium run towards the field, and as you get closer to the field, the crowd gets thicker and thicker. This is how it is for electrons facing the increasing neutral density of the upper atmosphere.’
When electrically-charged particles from space pour into our atmosphere, they collide with neutral particles and set them alight, resulting in the beautiful dancing waves of light we see in the sky (stock image)
The INCAA mission will involve sending two small ‘sounding rockets’ up to the edge of space while the aurora are overhead.
Sounding rockets are small launch vehicles designed to ascend into space for a few minutes of measurements before falling back to Earth, making them ideally suited to studying brief, transient phenomena like auroras.
On its way up the first rocket will release ‘vapour tracers’ — colourful chemicals similar to those used in firework displays — before reaching its peak altitude of about 186 miles.
The vapour tracers create visible clouds that researchers can see from the ground, tracing the winds in the neutral atmosphere, like dropping food dye in a sink full of water to see how the water is moving.
The second rocket will launch shortly after, reaching about 125 miles altitude to measure the temperature and density of the plasma in and around the aurora.
Kaeppler hopes that this data will shed light on how the aurora shift the boundary layer where electrified air meets neutral — whether pushing it farther towards the ground, raising it higher, or causing it to fold in on itself.
‘All of these factors make this is an interesting physics problem to examine,’ Kaeppler said.
The launch window for the INCAA mission opens at the Poker Flat Research Range in Poker Flat, Alaska, on March 23.
SOLAR STORMS PRESENT A CLEAR DANGER TO ASTRONAUTS AND CAN DAMAGE SATELLITES
Solar storms, or solar activity, can be divided into four main components that can have impacts on Earth:
- Solar flares: A large explosion in the sun’s atmosphere. These flares are made of photons that travel out directly from the flare site. Solar flares impact Earth only when they occur on the side of the sun facing Earth.
- Coronal Mass Ejections (CME’s): Large clouds of plasma and magnetic field that erupt from the sun. These clouds can erupt in any direction, and then continue on in that direction, plowing through solar wind. These clouds only cause impacts to Earth when they’re aimed at Earth.
- High-speed solar wind streams: These come from coronal holes on the sun, which form anywhere on the sun and usually only when they are closer to the solar equator do the winds impact Earth.
- Solar energetic particles: High-energy charged particles thought to be released primarily by shocks formed at the front of coronal mass ejections and solar flares. When a CME cloud plows through solar wind, solar energetic particles can be produced and because they are charged, they follow the magnetic field lines between the Sun and Earth. Only charged particles that follow magnetic field lines that intersect Earth will have an impact.
While these may seem dangerous, astronauts are not in immediate danger of these phenomena because of the relatively low orbit of manned missions.
However, they do have to be concerned about cumulative exposure during space walks.
This photo shows the sun’s coronal holes in an x-ray image. The outer solar atmosphere, the corona, is structured by strong magnetic fields, which when closed can cause the atmosphere to suddenly and violently release bubbles or tongues of gas and magnetic fields called coronal mass ejections
The damage caused by solar storms
Solar flares can damage satellites and have an enormous financial cost.
The charged particles can also threaten airlines by disturbing Earth’s magnetic field.
Very large flares can even create currents within electricity grids and knock out energy supplies.
When Coronal Mass Ejections strike Earth they cause geomagnetic storms and enhanced aurora.
They can disrupt radio waves, GPS coordinates and overload electrical systems.
A large influx of energy could flow into high voltage power grids and permanently damage transformers.
This could shut off businesses and homes around the world.
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