It is well known how a huge meteorite wiped out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
But there was a previous extinction 202 million years ago which killed off the big reptiles who up until then ruled the planet, clearing the way for dinosaurs to take over.
What led to them thriving after this so-called Triassic-Jurassic Extinction while other creatures died out has been much speculated, but a new study claims to have a theory.
It turns the idea of heat-loving dinosaurs on its head by presenting the first physical evidence that Triassic dinosaur species — then a minor group largely relegated to the polar regions — regularly endured freezing conditions there.
The telltale indicators were dinosaur footprints along with odd rock fragments that only could have been deposited by ice.
With a lava flow in the distance, a primitively feathered theropod dinosaur is depicted carrying off a mammalian victim during a snowy volcanic winter caused by massive eruptions during the Triassic-Jurassic Extinction. A new study says dinosaurs survived because they were already adapted to freezing conditions at high latitudes
The Columbia University-led study’s authors say that during the extinction, cold snaps already happening at the poles spread to lower latitudes, killing off the coldblooded reptiles.
But because dinosaurs had already adapted, they survived the evolutionary bottleneck and spread out, leading to their dominance when the world became generally hot and steamy during the Triassic and Jurassic periods.
‘Dinosaurs were there during the Triassic under the radar all the time,’ said Paul Olsen, a geologist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, and lead author of the study.
‘The key to their eventual dominance was very simple. They were fundamentally cold-adapted animals. When it got cold everywhere, they were ready, and other animals weren’t.’
The research was based on recent excavations in the remote desert of northwest China’s Junggar Basin.
Dinosaurs are thought to have first appeared during the Triassic Period in temperate southerly latitudes about 231 million years ago, when most of the planet’s land was joined together in one giant continent geologists call Pangaea.
They made it to the far north by about 214 million years ago.
Until the mass extinction at 202 million years, the more expansive tropical and subtropical regions in between were dominated by reptiles including relatives of crocodiles and other fearsome creatures.
The supercontinent of Pangaea 202 million years ago, shortly before the Triassic-Jurassic Extinction. Evidence of early dinosaurs has been found in the areas shown. Most species were confined to the high latitudes, and those few nearer the tropics tended to be smaller. The red area at top is the Junggar Basin, now in northwest China
During the Triassic, and for most of the Jurassic, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide ranged at or above 2000 parts per million — five times today’s levels — so temperatures must have been intense.
There is no evidence of polar ice caps then, and excavations have shown that deciduous forests grew in polar regions.
However, some climate models suggest that the high latitudes were chilly some of the time; even with all that CO2, they would have received little sunlight much of the year, and temperatures would decline at least seasonally.
But until now, no one has produced any physical evidence that they froze.
At the end of the Triassic, a geologically brief period of perhaps a million years saw the extinction of more than three quarters of all terrestrial and marine species on the planet, including shelled creatures, corals and all sizable reptiles.
Some animals living in burrows, such as turtles, made it through, as did a few early mammals.
It is unclear exactly what happened, but many scientists connect it to a series of massive volcanic eruptions that could have lasted hundreds of years at a stretch.
At this time, Pangaea started to split apart, opening what is now the Atlantic Ocean, and separating what are now the Americas from Europe, Africa and Asia.
Among other things, the eruptions would have caused atmospheric carbon dioxide to skyrocket beyond its already high levels, causing deadly temperatures spikes on land, and turning ocean waters too acid for many creatures to survive.
The authors of the new study have come up with a third factor.
They believe that during the eruptions’ fiercest phases, sulfur aerosols would have been belched out that deflected so much sunlight they caused repeated global volcanic winters that overpowered high greenhouse-gas levels.
These winters might have lasted a decade or more; even the tropics may have seen sustained freezing conditions. This killed uninsulated reptiles, but cold-adapted, insulated dinosaurs were able to hang on, say the scientists.
They came up with the theory after discovering fine-grained sandstone and siltstone formations left by sediments in shallow ancient lake bottoms in the Junggar Basin.
A shale cliff in the Junggar Basin in northwest China, where scientists found ice-rafted pebbles amid otherwise fine-grained sediments
The sediments formed 206 million years ago during the late Triassic, through the mass extinction and beyond. At that time, before landmasses rearranged themselves, the basin lay at about 71 degrees north, well above the Arctic Circle.
Footprints found by the authors and others show that dinosaurs were present along shorelines.
Meanwhile, in the lakes themselves, the researchers found abundant pebbles up to about half an inch (1.5cm) across within the normally fine sediments.
Far from any apparent shoreline, the pebbles had no business being there so the researchers said the only plausible explanation for their presence were ice-rafted debris (IRD).
This is created when ice forms against a coastal landmass and incorporates bits of underlying rock. At some point the ice becomes unmoored and drifts away into the adjoining water body.
When it melts, the rocks drop to the bottom, mixing with normal fine sediments.
Geologists have extensively studied ancient IRD in the oceans, where it is delivered by glacial icebergs, but rarely in lake beds. The Junggar Basin discovery adds to the scant record.
The authors say the pebbles were likely picked up during winter, when lake waters froze along pebbly shorelines.
When warm weather returned, chunks of that ice floated off with samples of the pebbles in tow, and later dropped them.
‘This shows that these areas froze regularly, and the dinosaurs did just fine,’ said study co-author Dennis Kent, a geologist at Lamont-Doherty.
Evidence has been building since the 1990s that many if not all non-avian dinosaurs including tyrannosaurs had primitive feathers, which the researchers say would have been used for insulation.
There is also evidence that, unlike the cold-blooded reptiles, many dinosaurs possessed warm-blooded, high-metabolism systems. Both qualities would have helped them in chilly conditions.
‘Severe wintery episodes during volcanic eruptions may have brought freezing temperatures to the tropics, which is where many of the extinctions of big, naked, unfeathered vertebrates seem to have occurred,’ said Kent.
‘Whereas our fine feathered friends acclimated to colder temperatures in higher latitudes did OK.’
Olsen says the next step to better understand this period is for more researchers to look for fossils in former polar areas like the Junggar Basin.
‘The fossil record is very bad, and no one is prospecting,’ he said. ‘These rocks are gray and black, and it is much harder to prospect [for fossils] in these strata.
‘Most paleontologists are attracted to the late Jurassic, where it’s known there are many big skeletons to be had. The paleo-Arctic is basically ignored.’
The study has been published in the journal Science Advances.
KILLING OFF THE DINOSAURS: HOW A CITY-SIZED ASTEROID WIPED OUT 75 PER CENT OF ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES
Around 66 million years ago non-avian dinosaurs were wiped out and more than half the world’s species were obliterated.
This mass extinction paved the way for the rise of mammals and the appearance of humans.
The Chicxulub asteroid is often cited as a potential cause of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.
The asteroid slammed into a shallow sea in what is now the Gulf of Mexico.
The collision released a huge dust and soot cloud that triggered global climate change, wiping out 75 per cent of all animal and plant species.
Researchers claim that the soot necessary for such a global catastrophe could only have come from a direct impact on rocks in shallow water around Mexico, which are especially rich in hydrocarbons.
Within 10 hours of the impact, a massive tsunami waved ripped through the Gulf coast, experts believe.
Around 66 million years ago non-avian dinosaurs were wiped out and more than half the world’s species were obliterated. The Chicxulub asteroid is often cited as a potential cause of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event (stock image)
This caused earthquakes and landslides in areas as far as Argentina.
While investigating the event researchers found small particles of rock and other debris that was shot into the air when the asteroid crashed.
Called spherules, these small particles covered the planet with a thick layer of soot.
Experts explain that losing the light from the sun caused a complete collapse in the aquatic system.
This is because the phytoplankton base of almost all aquatic food chains would have been eliminated.
It’s believed that the more than 180 million years of evolution that brought the world to the Cretaceous point was destroyed in less than the lifetime of a Tyrannosaurus rex, which is about 20 to 30 years.
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